1) The intensity of cyclones is often measured using the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale, which categorizes them based on their sustained wind speeds.

2) The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of global collaboration and solidarity in addressing public health emergencies, with efforts focused on vaccine sharing, equitable distribution, and support for developing countries.

3) The Southern Ocean surrounds Antarctica and is the coldest and least-visited ocean.

4) The concept of federalism involves the division of powers between a central government and regional or local governments, allowing for shared governance and autonomy for different levels of administration.